The Influence of School Fees, Age, Gender on Children’s Education Level in Indonesia

: This study aims to determine the effect of school fees, age and gender on children’s education level in Indonesia. Variables in school fees are school fees, equipment and transportation. The age variable is the sample that is aged 15 to 25 years. Gender variables consist of male and female. This study uses secondary data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey 5 (IFLS 5). The sample in this study were 2,601 respondents. It employs regression analysis and quantitative approach. It proves that there is a significant effect between school fees, age and gender on children's education levels. Variabel biaya Variabel adalah sampel tahun. Variabel gender terdiri laki laki perempuan. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari Indonesian Family Life Survey 5 (IFLS 5). Sampel penelitian ini sebanyak 2.601 responden. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis regresi dan pendekatan kuantitatif. Analisis ini membuktikan ada pengaruh yang signifikan antara biaya sekolah, usia dan jenis kelamin terhadap tingkat pendidikan anak.

Women in Indonesia have received secondary education and it is relatively larger numbers than men in recent years. This difference is greatest at the Diploma I level and vocational secondary education, but also, it is still quite large for nonvocational secondary school and university education (Nandi et al., 2019). The level of educational equality between men and women appears to be universal in developing countries. For example, women in Africa appear to experience more discrimination in terms of access to education. It concludes that while substantial progress has been made in the last 40 years, the illiteracy rate of women is still highly compared to that of men, and entrenched attitudes continue to alienate women from the education system, thus it is perpetuating the gender gap. Furthermore, while women are generally less fortunate than their male counterparts, women living in urban areas and some core areas tend to fare better than those living in rural and suburban areas (Syafarudin, 2021). In recent years, school enrollment rates for children aged 13-15 and 16-18 have increased sharply in Indonesia. It is not only in urban areas but also in rural areas. The study found that the disappearance of the gender gap in secondary school enrollment between 1993 and 2007 contributed significantly to the increase in overall enrollment rates. The findings also show that children living in wealthier communities and communities with a high proportion of enrolled children are more likely to attend school. Finally, various school characteristics were shown to be neither strongly correlated nor consistent with school participation (Takahashi, 2011).
There are various micro-economic problems. One of which is the level of household consumption. If we discuss the level of household consumption, the scope is broad. Therefore, this article discusses in a narrower scope, namely household consumption, especially spending on school fees. Another variable is age and gender to the level of education of children, especially in Indonesia. School fees in this study consist of school fees, equipment and transportation costs. In the previous article, several factors that influence education have been described. The explanation behind the author discussing the level of household consumption to prioritize children's education is already in the explanation. If the level of consumption for school fees is higher, it will affect the level of education of children. In addition, age and gender are still a polemic, especially the problem of education gaps due to gender. This article aims to see whether there is an effect of school fees, age and gender on the education level of children in Indonesia. We can see whether the level of inequality in Indonesia is still in the high category or has decreased.

METHOD
This type of research discusses causality or commonly referred to as causal analysis. This study aims to determine whether there is an influence between school fees, gender and age on the level of education of children, especially in Indonesia. This study uses data from IFLS 5 (Indonesian Family Life Survey 5) where the data can be accessed on the website www.rand.org so that the data includes secondary data. The data is processed using STATA software.
The population criteria referred to by the researcher are children aged 15 to 25 years, where the data is adjusted to IFLS 5. The purposive sampling method was applied in this study because the data used had met the required requirements. After the data reduction, the sample used was 2,601 respondents. The dependent variable in this study is the level of education of children in Indonesia. The independent variables are school fees, age and gender. The variable of school fees consists of school fees, equipment and transportation costs, while the age variable consists of samples aged 15 to 25 years who meet the requirements and the gender variable consists of men and women. In detail, the data is contained in the IFLS 5 questionnaire. Regression analysis technique was used in this study with the aim of knowing the effect of the independent variables, namely school fees (X1), age (X2), gender (X3) with the dependent variable being the child's education level (Y). The regression model equation is: Y = α + βX1 + βX2 + βX3 + e Notes: Y= child's education level X1= school fees X2= age X3= gender The hypotheses proposed by the researchers to be tested in this study are: 1) The level of consumption of school fees has a significant effect on the level of education of children in Indonesia.
2) Age has a significant effect on the level of education of children in Indonesia.
3) Gender has a significant effect on the level of education of children in Indonesia.

RESULT
The purpose of this study is to determine how much influence school fees, age, gender have on the education level of children in Indonesia. Children's Education Level is the dependent variable. School fees, age, gender are independent variables. In addition, the respondents in question are children who are 15 to 25 years old and provide information as needed in this study. IFLS 5 respondents included in these qualifications amounted to 2.601 people. The statistical results of data processing in this study are as follows Source: Data processed from IFLS 5 The results of the description of the data that have been selected and in accordance with the conditions determined by the researcher are samples aged 15 to 25 years. Other requirements are samples that are still active students and registration. The results of these statistics show that the school fees incurred by each household member within a period of one month are a minimum of Rp40.000,00 and a maximum of Rp1.980.000,00. The statistical results show that every household pays attention by spending money to meet their children's school needs.

School Fees
The school fees referred to in this variable are the costs that each individual spends on school fees. School fees in this variable consist of school fees, equipment and transportation costs. In the distribution of this statistical data grouping, the number of individuals in spending costs for education levels is as follows: From these data, we can conclude that the individuals who spend the most money are at the SMP/MTs/Package B level, as many as 1,646 children with a percentage of 63.28%. The minimum fee is Rp40.000,00 and the maximum is Rp1.980.000,00 each academic year.

Table 3. Statistics Results Of Age Distribution By Level Of Education
Source: Data processed from IFLS 5 The data shows that child respondents in Indonesia from the age of 15-25 years have an average number of almost the same at each level. However, the age distribution has the highest number at the age of 15 years and the least at the age of 25 years. The number of respondents in the study was 2.601 consisting of men and women. From the results of the description, it is stated that the number of male respondents is more than female respondents. The results also show that there is no significant disparity in continuing education for women and men.

Results of Regression Analysis
Regression analysis is used in this analysis with the aim of knowing the effect of the Y variable on X. The Y variable in this study is the level of education and the X variable is the cost of education (X1), age (X2), and gender (X3). The data in this study used STATA version 12 software. The regression results are presented in the table 5.

Edu
Age  Based on the results in the table above, the regression analysis equation is as follows: Y: -1,67393 + 0,0128807 school fees + 0,2623645 age + 0,0599368 gender According to the results of the regression analysis above, it can be concluded that the cost of education, age and gender have a positive effect on the level of education of children in Indonesia.

1) Simultaneous Test
The simultaneous test of this research is in the form of an f test, this test is used to test the level of significance between the independent variable and the dependent variable. These results show the calculated F value of 1257,49 with a probability error rate of 0,000. This means that school fees, age, gender affect the level of education of children in Indonesia.

2) Partial Test (T Test)
The results of the partial test (t test) are as follows: a) The test on the variable of school fees on the level of education shows a probability value of t of 0,000 with prob. t <0,05. This means that school fees have an effect on children's education in Indonesia. b) Test on the age variable to the level of education shows a probability value of t of 0,000 with prob t <0,05. This means that age has an effect on children's education in Indonesia. c) Test on the gender variable to the level of education shows a probability value of t of 0,000 with prob t <0,05. This means that gender has an effect on children's education in Indonesia.

3) Coefficient of determination (R 2 )
The result of the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) is 0,5923. This means that the variables of school fees, age and gender have an effect of 59,23%. The remaining 40,77% is influenced by other variables not explained in this study.

DISCUSSION
Based on the results of the regression analysis, it can be concluded that the cost of education, age and gender have a positive effect on the level of education of children in Indonesia. The detailed explanation will be discussed by the researcher one by one. The results of the regression analysis equations are as follows: Y: -1,67393 + 0,0128807 school fees + 0,2623645 age + 0,0599368 gender

Isnawati, Zamroni, Purwanto, The Influence of School… 113
Testing on the effect of the level of consumption costs on the education level of children in Indonesia produces an error rate smaller than the expected significant level in this study (0,000 <0,05). This shows that the results of this study are in accordance with the hypothesis which reads "consumption levels affect the level of children's education in Indonesia". The regression coefficient for the level of consumption of school fees is 0,0128807. From this statement, it can be concluded that for every increase in one level of education level, households must spend an average of Rp0,0128807. The level of cost consumption for schooling is calculated based on the average sample taken by the researcher. The sample used by the researcher is aged 15 to 25 years, still in school and the households still needs to pay for education. The average cost incurred is still relatively small, but the level of consumption of school fees has a positive influence on the education level of children in Indonesia. The factor that causes the average cost incurred is still relatively small because the data has not separated children who receive subsidies or scholarships and children who have to pay independently for their education. The results of this study are the same as the human capital theory theory, which shows that the decision to continue with higher education is an individual decision without external interference. According to Poteliene (2014) states that continuing education to a higher level requires additional costs that adjust, including school fees, transportation costs, and other supporting costs. The thing that must be considered is that the government must have an important role in this, for example the government provides subsidies for school fees or things that can support education.
Testing on the effect of age on children's education level in Indonesia produces an error which is smaller than the expected significant level in this study (0,000 <0,05). This shows that the results of this study are in accordance with the hypothesis which reads "age has an effect on children's education level in Indonesia." Age regression coefficient is 0,2623645. From the statement, it can be concluded that the age distribution of 15-25 years at each level of education is 0,2623645. According to the data, the most common age distribution for each level of education is at the junior high school level. Based on W. W. McMahon and A. P. Wagner explained that related to the non-monetary returns to higher education, they stated that the higher the level of education, which means that the length of time they were in school will have a significant effect on the return of costs that have been spent on attending school.
Testing on the effect of gender on the level of education of children in Indonesia produces an error which is smaller than the expected significant level in this study (0,000 <0,05). This shows that the results of this study are in accordance with the hypothesis which reads "gender has an effect on children's education level in Indonesia". The regression coefficient for sex is 0,0599368. From this statement, it can be concluded that the gender between men and women is 0,0599368. It means that the number of men and women who attend school is balanced. So that the awareness to continue schooling for boys and girls is now equal. According to Psacharopoulos (2018), it is stated that more women continue their education than men, this is based on the rate of return for men of 8.7% while women are 9.8%. However, this study shows that between men and women have the same level of continuing to higher education, so this is a good start for education in Indonesia.

CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the level of consumption of school fees, age, and gender significantly affect the children education level. The more costs incurred will affect the level of education of children. This means that education is still becoming the priority in household consumption. The results of the study also state that there is no inequality for those who continue their education for women and men. So that the awareness to continue education for men and women is equal. The results of the study also stated that the age distribution for schooling was at the junior high school level.
The conclusion of the study states that education has become a priority and there is equality between men and women to continue education. The level of consumption of school fees, age, and gender has an influence of 59,23% on the level of education of children in Indonesia. Besides, it is influenced by other factors not explained in this study. Other possible factors that can affect a child's education level are motivation, income, and living environment.
There are some suggestions that need to be considered for further research. First, if the IFLS has updated the latest data, it can be re-examined, so that the results are more leverage. In addition to the variable cost of education, it is better if the education costs incurred by each individual are separated between those who receive school assistance or scholarships and those who do not. So that it will be known on how many samples using personal costs so that the research results will be more significant. Suggestions for further researchers are that researchers may examine other variables that affect the level of children's education. Other variables that can be studied are motivation, income, and living environment.